1 10 59 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/3c547cb474249e673f7618c7d65c8d08.jpg 94e86b3f3280d78836e1fb55c38feeb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi Propaganda Description An account of the resource Images for Propaganda Analysis Item with Analysis This adds an analysis field so you can add that to an item Analysis This poster for the elections of March 1933 displays Hitler and Hindenburg. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource March 1933 Election Poster Description An account of the resource March 1933 election poster: “In the deepest need Hindenburg chose Adolf Hitler for Reich Chancellor. You too should vote for List 1.” Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters2.htm https://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters/hindhit.jpg Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Calvin College, German Propaganda Archive, courtesy of Dr. Robert D. Brooks Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Courtesy of Dr. Robert D. Brooks Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Election poster Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NSDAP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/cdf812d38ace08b91e84976407466597.jpg 618b16b716b701d11d71ecb330bc4509 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi Propaganda Description An account of the resource Images for Propaganda Analysis Item with Analysis This adds an analysis field so you can add that to an item Analysis This propaganda poster advertises the German Labor Front, the Nazi labor organization created in May 1933. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German Labor Front Description An account of the resource Text: "Then as today: We remain comrades. German Labor Front." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters2.htm https://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters/daf.jpg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Calvin College, German Propaganda Archive Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpg Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Poster Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource German Labor Front Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933 https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/d3b4ff04ae94b69a803aa3b81e33bb69.jpg 2b071a50105e0d437e3d9e8c1692c5e6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi Propaganda Description An account of the resource Images for Propaganda Analysis Item with Analysis This adds an analysis field so you can add that to an item Analysis This poster advertises the "Eternal Jew" exhibit held at the Deutsches Museum in Munich from November 1937 to January 1938. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "The Eternal Jew" Description An account of the resource Advertisement for the "Eternal Jew" exhibit at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Nov. 1937-Jan. 1938 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/archive/eternal-jew-exhibition/ Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Julius Goldstein Type The nature or genre of the resource Publication cover (advertising the exhibit) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Reich Chamber of Culture Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937-38 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpg Language A language of the resource German https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/74a8e78ab34d0bb01cd7478100bbe866.gif fe5b621417a18655ac32e31bde267cb6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bialystok Ghetto Map Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource USHMM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bialystok Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Map Type The nature or genre of the resource Map https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/266d058ad3fd9ff431a29febeb6c96a0.jpg 6e418b221f49190e854767d198fe827a Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi March Berlin Description An account of the resource March in support of the Nazi Party during the 1932 election campaign in Berlin. March 11, 1932. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource USHMM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/a-march-supporting-the-nazi-movement-during-an-election-campaign-in-1932 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Photograph https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/a72970a0e37569b2baf6c6743fd4eaec.gif 75168c002174cef646a54bf9ad2fc06b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Deportations to Killing Centers Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource USHMM Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/map/major-deportations-to-killing-centers-1942-1944 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource gif Type The nature or genre of the resource Map https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/5779d263b840ee26fd4a5d1aca165418.jpg f804b0c5b2212719236620e23a92b6d6 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of Haika Grosman Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreshet Mordechai Anilevich Memorial Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bialystok Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available USHMM Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource jpg https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/03055bf6d4901a5f03c2377f2e449cd9.jpg 33cfd317159edc4e3e71c0f57665ad01 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi Propaganda Description An account of the resource Images for Propaganda Analysis Item with Analysis This adds an analysis field so you can add that to an item Analysis This poster from the September 1930 Reichstag elections represents the heart of an ongoing propaganda campaign, one that would slowly garner the Nazi party a share in the German Federal Government of almost 20%. Hoping for a better turnout than the election prior, where they gained only 3%, and driven by a centralized and self-funding style of political messaging, Hitler and his party officials aggressively lobbied in the early 1930s for Nazi power. Increasing economic pressure across the country had painted the existing political structure as inefficient and weak. The idea of the “Freiheit und Brot” campaign (which we also saw on a 1928 poster in Lecture 5) highlights the deception that the Nazi party utilized to gain the trust of the public. Although ordinary citizens may have believed in socialism as extolled by the Nazis, distributing rights and food to the poor, what they were really supporting was a carefully constructed image of a party brutally seeking law, order, and racial purity. In understanding the dire situation in Germany around 1930, as well as the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda towards the German masses, we can see how posters like these represent how the start of the Nazi foothold was a legitimate political movement. Throughout World War I the German forces united under an immense national pride: fighting for their country and families back home was part of upholding the honor of Germany (Hitler, Passage 2). Following the end of the war and the treaty of Versailles, the soldiers came back to a country deeply lacking in morale, suffering from growing unemployment, and having lost both land and wealth. Germans across the political spectrum rejected the terms of the treaty of Versailles, even if the alternative was forced occupation. In Mein Kampf Hitler wrote how his outrage was a shared one, shared with the soldiers and the families, with the German people, saying “The young regiments had not gone to their death in Flanders crying: ‘Long live universal suffrage and the secret ballot,’ but crying: ‘Deutschland über Alles in der Welt’” meaning” Germany over all” (Hitler, Passage 2). The message that people was not one of Democracy and the Republic, but rather one of German strength, a return to the greatness of some Germany prior, driven still by the trauma and loss of the war only a few years before. Clearly then we can see how the German people were susceptible at this time to a strong wave of nationalism and populism. Unfortunately, the Nazis also came to understand this at the same time. As the introduction to the “Guidelines for Propaganda” outlines, in order for people to care about it, “It has to always speak only to the masses” and “limit itself to a few themes and repeat them incessantly” (Propaganda Archive, “Guide to Propaganda”). The public was aware that the state of politics was not improving but they were still fairly invested in democracy. Unfortunately, soon the economy would follow: first the Wall Street Crash in 1929 followed in March 1930 by the German government implementing austerity measures, and eventually the chancellor resorts to extensive use of presidential decree to implement policies. However, nothing stops the rise of inflation and unemployment, which reaches 24% in 1931 (Lecture 6). In the heart of this turmoil comes the election of 1930, and the Nazis, after years of failure by the ruling political parties as well as repeated promises for a better Germany, laid the groundwork for massive upswell of support by disillusioned citizens. This poster is one of the core tenants from that campaign: Freedom for everyone – every German, every Veteran and child –as well as food and security, brough to you by the Nazis. The success of this slogan made it a central part of the Nazi ideology. It was adopted as part of the Horst Wessel song – the NSDAP anthem and the co-national anthem of German 1933-45 – and it was repeated during speeches by Hitler and other Nazi Party leaders throughout their political campaigns during the Reichstag years (Lecture 6). The entire narrative of the Nazi party was woven to tell the story of the Nazis as the story of this poster, where the Nazi sun shines over a fertile and successful Germany, where there is plenty for all. The poster plays on many of the traditional aspects that the Nazi party was known for, in this case reflecting upon the prosperous agricultural history of the area. In many ways this deep focus on traditionalism and separation from ineffective politicking made the Nazi seems unthreatening to the establishment but appealing to the public. It’s clear that everyone underestimated what Hitler and the Nazi propaganda machine was capable of, and here is a perfect example from 1930 of why that was. Nick Sundberg Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Freedom and Bread" Subject The topic of the resource 1930 Reichstag Election Poster Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NDSAP Reichstag Election Committee Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters1.htm Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Randall Bytwerk, German Propaganda Archive Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1930 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Courtesy of Dr. Robert D. Brooks. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Image [.jpg] Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Poster Description An account of the resource Slogan on a political campaign poster, with a Nazi swastika representing the sun over a field of grain. The caption reads "Freiheit und Brot" ("Freedom and Bread") over the picture, while the bottom reads "Vote Nazis -- List 9" Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/8b561a60732242bc6b717a42a41002df.jpg 378d0adfd8e1acc3ded534cba2976f14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi Propaganda Description An account of the resource Images for Propaganda Analysis Item with Analysis This adds an analysis field so you can add that to an item Analysis Nazi strategy for political influence hinged largely on its ability to produce compelling propaganda. The propaganda was skillfully aimed at numerous groups on the fringe of society, and was broad enough in content and message to appeal to most average german citizens. Therefore, through such alarmist intimidation tactics, “the NSDAP succeeded in being all things to all men'' (Allen, 136). During the time period between 1936 and 1938 the Nazi propaganda department, Reichspropagandaleitung, headed by Joseph Goebbels, initiated campaigns centralized around the idea of anti-Bolshevism. Facets of these campaigns included newspaper articles, books, and speeches. However, in 1937 the department established an anti-Bolshevist exhibition that would travel through the country. The accompanying pamphlet included sections bashing Marxism, Soviet Russia, and Bolshevik violence. The pamphlet even somehow managed to tie antisemetic claims into its argument around anti-Bolshevism. A subsection of the pamphlet was titled “Jewry is the Core of Bolshevism” and posited that Jews must be blamed for the Bolshevist rise to power because the Jews practiced “usury, fraud, deceit, and cowardly wretchedness” (Bytwerk). The poster advertises this exhibit, with the bottom text reading "Bolschewismus ohne Maske - vom 6. November 1937 bis 19. Dezember 1937 im Reichstagsgebäude” or in english, “Bolshevism without a mask - from November 6, 1937 to December 19, 1937 in the Reichstag building”. At first glance, anyone would be able to grasp the grisly message portrayed in the poster, whether he can read german or not. In it, a figure cloaked in Bolshevik style, hat clear with the soviet star, stands menacingly over the mangled bodies of the ‘common man’. His ghastly, inhuman face smirks triumphantly while his whip drips the blood of his victims. Behind the towering man a city burns, adding the final detail to the chaotic, apocalyptic, and unsettling scene. The message is painfully clear and along the lines of, ‘this is what will happen to innocent germans if we let communist ideas run wild’. The communist party had been suppressed since 1933, due to Hitler outlawing meetings or speech against the Nazi government and the arrests of communist leadership (Lecture 7). However, this poster highlights the common nazi practice of fear mongering and exclusion that lead to their iron hold on power. The target audience, moderate german citizens yet to convert to Nazi ideas, might find this poster compelling for several reasons. Humans are frequently selfish, usually harboring beliefs that work toward their own self interests, as such the duality between propaganda and paranoia is paramount. Propaganda is most effective in a society where fear and uncertainty germinate, but in the same way, the propaganda itself creates that atmosphere of paranoia. Should an average citizen see this poster, with its ghoulish colors and gruesome depictions, a feeling of fear or uncertainty may be evoked within him. He might think to himself that he must protect his family from the perceived threat. And what is promising to protect him from suffering the same fate as the victims in the poster? The Nazis, and Germans perceive them as “a young, energetic group pledged to rectify the situation” (Allen, 80). Fueled by the threat of other ideologies, the propaganda was usually aimed at destroying the merit of other political and societal groups. Therefore, otherwise kind people develop close minded beliefs in an act of self preservation. The color scheme is noteworthy in the way it twists the messaging. The victims are both dressed in simple white tunics, which represent the ‘innocence’ of the corpses. Red and yellow, along with the yellow satchel tied to the attacker’s waist and the previously mentioned star hat, allude to the Soviet Union’s flag. As a result, the propaganda does not target individual bolsheviks, but an entire country. The depictions in the actual scene are offensive. The figure’s teeth are bared in a grin because of the slaughter before him, and his face is purposefully designed to resemble an ape. In this way, the poster disparages Soviet Bolsheviks, as they are being represented as less than human, beasts, and uncivilized barbarians eager to cause the destruction of civilization. The dehumanization of this group parallels the Nazi ideology of aryans, or the master race, verses nonaryans, all those inferior. Minorities and ‘undesirables’ were classified as non aryans and continually attacked in propaganda, the artist commonly employing techniques to exaggerate negative stereotypes and further alienate the target group. Such strategies were frequent in the nazi regime, and the resulting ostracization made targets feel even more separated from german society than before. The culmination of the Nazis obsession with propaganda, and the ceaseless nature at which it was produced, ultimately polarized communities and slowly radicalized citizens. Nazi propaganda against the Soviet Union was interrupted for a period of a few years in August 1939, due to the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (or formally the Treaty of Non-Aggression) between Germany and the Soviet Union. In order to prevent a two front war, Hitler signed the treaty a few days before the invasion of Poland in the beginning of September 1939. However, the treaty was terminated less than two years after its ratification when Germany launched an attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum). Afterwards, the Nazis once again started their vendetta against the bolsheviks, with another anti-Bolshevist exhibit opening in 1942. Allen, Willaim Sheridan. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town 1930 - 1935. Chicago, Chicago Quadrangle Books, 1965. Bytwerk, Randall. “The Great Anti-Bolshevist Exhibition (1937).” German Propaganda Archive, Calvin University, 2006, research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/anti-bolshevism.htm. Lecture 7, History 1049, Head Instructor Brandon Bloch United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “German-Soviet Pact.” Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-soviet-pact. Written by Jackie George Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource “Bolshevism Without a Mask" Description An account of the resource An anti-bolshevik propaganda poster showing a monstrous figure whipping those lying at his feet while a city burns in the distance. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Agricola, Herbert Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print https://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters2.htm Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Berlin : Druck H. Weidemann Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1937 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource No known restrictions on publication in the U.S. Use elsewhere may be restricted by other countries' laws. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 1 print (poster) : lithograph, color ; 86 x 59 cm. Language A language of the resource German Type The nature or genre of the resource Propaganda Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jackie George https://s3.amazonaws.com/atg-prod-oaas-files/hist1049-20/original/d75b5d1864a7ea291a43c6686d5571fa.jpg e5102c0d3a90f4d49a6be01eb0ee316d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nazi Propaganda Description An account of the resource Images for Propaganda Analysis Item with Analysis This adds an analysis field so you can add that to an item Analysis This poster is a piece of propaganda from the 1936 referendum, in which Reichstag seats were filled and the people voted whether they supported the German occupation of the Rhineland. It reads “Before: Unemployment, hopelessness, desolation, strikes, lockouts. Today: Work, joy, discipline, camaraderie. Give the Fuhrer your vote!” The image primarily makes an economic argument, but an underlying message of social order persists nonetheless. Furthermore, the visual elements of the image reveal more about the message of the poster. Before further analyzing the argument, it is necessary to analyze the context of the image. In the background, the poster shows an unemployed man, a worker that is locked out, and a worker that is on strike. This ostensibly refers to the economic crises of the Weimar Republic. On October 19, 1929 the stock market crashed and plunged Germany into chaos since their economy was highly dependent on America’s via the Dawes Plan; this crash was accelerated due to the bankruptcy of the Creditanstalt bank in Vienna in July 1931 (Bloch). At one point, six million people were unemployed (Bloch). This economic collapse brought shame to the nation and eventually led to the collapse of the Social Democratic Party. This poster was made in 1936--seven years after the stock market crash and three years after the Nazi consolidation of power. The main argument the poster is trying to make is one of economic stability. In the wake of the referendum (in which all candidates were from the same party), the Nazis wanted to remind the German citizens that they saved the country from economic collapse. The inscription creates a stark dichotomy between the chaotic, unemployment-filled years of the SPD misrule and the joyful peace of the Reich. Although claiming the economic strife of the 30s led to the Nazi rise is deterministic, this poster demonstrates that economic stability indeed was an important factor for many Germans. The proud figure of the German worker in the center not only represents the reinvigoration of the economy, but it shows the new social order created by the Nazi party. Hitler and the Reich were able to provide the German people with a job and a place in the community of the state. The inscription reads “discipline and camaraderie.” The Reich Labor Service brought stability and organization into a divided Germany. Leni Riefenstahl captures this in The Triumph of the Will. Hitler addresses the workers and tells them that they are an indispensable part of the German structure. He then claims that the average German worker is no less important than a soldier (Riefenstahl). In addition to winning the referendum, this unity and camaraderie that Hitler created is extremely important because it is around this time that Germany would begin to mobilize and prepare for military expansion. Similarly, the Nazis agreed to host the Olympics in Berlin the same year to bolster national pride and show the world Germany was no longer weak. The most striking visual elements of the poster are contrasts between the colors. The background featuring the disgruntled workers is red and blurry, which represents the chaos and instability of the SPD regime. However, the foreground is bold, clear, and well-defined, showing the stability and power of the Reich. Additionally, color is used over the inscriptions to create different tones. The text of the “Before” inscription is red and black, which appears angry, whereas the color for “Today” is calmer and more appealing to the reader. The overall appearance of this poster shows the progression of propaganda under Josef Goebbels. Early propaganda posters were monochromatic and text-heavy, whereas the materials produced after 1933 were complex and visually striking. The main audience of this poster would be the middle-class workers and youth. My first instinct would be that this poster appealed to lower-class workers because a major theme was unemployment. However, the poster demonizes striking and lockouts, which was a tactic used by unions and lower-class workers. If I were to guess, a previous KPD or SPD supporter would not appreciate this poster (if they were not already imprisoned). Rather, this poster would comfort a middle-class person who was scared by the striking and economic fragility of the socialists and Social Democrats in the early parts of the decade. Furthermore, this post could appeal to young Germans because it shows that they have a place in the Reich. A vote for the Nazi party is a vote for a world where no Junge is unemployed ever again. A vote for the Fuhrer is a vote for the future of Deutschland. Works Cited Riefenstahl, Leni, director. Triumph of the Will. Youtube, 13 Jan. 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQMQTLxLSY. Bloch, Brandon J. HIST 1049. Lecture 6. 13 February 2020. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NSDAP Poster for the 1936 Referendum Description An account of the resource Propaganda Poster from Nazi Germany Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived digitalcollections.hoover.org (Stanford University Hoover Archives) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hugo Fischer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1936 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.J. Veneziano